Hume Pipe Culvert Design, Type & Meaning
Meaning of Culvert
A small bridge may be of 3 to 4 spans with the length of span not more than 3 m is known as culvert. In case of highway where culverts are constructed to cross the small distributary etc., the span length may be about 4.5 m. Similarly, in case of railway track the maximum span length can be about 6 m and should not exceed this limit. The culvert mainly consists of abutment, wingwalls, arches or desk slab, parapet and foundation. Floor pitching from inside the culvert in the bed of drain may or may not be provided, it depends on the soil condition and flow velocity of the stream water.
Types of Culverts
Pipe Culverts
The pipe culverts are used for very small drainage works, passing through the embankment of road or railway. It consists of one or more pipes placed side by side each other. The pipes are generally made of steel, R.C.C., cast iron etc. To retain the pipes and embankment at their proper position against the action of spring water etc., they are laid with masonry work in the form of arches at both the ends. Sometimes, it is also performed by stone pitching. In the case, when height of embankment is more than 6 m over the pipe then an extra care is needed. In this condition, there should be given a proper cushion, all-round. The cushion should not be less than half of the diameter of the pipe with a maximum 45 cm at the top.
Box Culverts
These culverts are preferred for construction, especially in loose soil condition, and for a larger span. These can be used for a single span of 3 m or for a double span of 6 m width. Practically, it has been found that the box culverts are not economical, when span width exceeds 6 in. The thickness of R.C.C slab should be kept within the range of 1.25 to 2.5 m. These culverts are constructed in the form of one or more rectangular or square openings. The box culverts usually made of precast R.C.C. materials.
The design of this type of culvert is based on the continuous beam theory. It requires a good foundation. The sinking of any portion causes an effective change in the bending moment as well as shearing force in the section.
Arch Culverts
These culverts involve the construction of super structure in the form of arches. The> are similar to the Masonry bridges. The arch culverts are not provided with the piers and batters to the sides of abutment.
Slab Culverts
The slab culverts are constructed for a span of maximum 2.5 m in width. To construct the slab culvert, a stone or R.C.C slab is directly placed over the simply supported beam on piers or abutments. These slabs form a super structure over the culvert. The parapet and wingwalls am also provided in this culvert, similar to the permanent bridge.
Beam and Slab Culverts
It’s layout is similar to the big girder bridge. The difference is only in respect of span length, number of spans and size of different structural components of the culvert, which are normally smaller than the girder bridge.
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